The conjugation and modification reactions used to cross-link proteins or couple labels to proteins, such as biotin, enzymes, and fluorescent dyes, require certain conditions, including pH and chemical composition, for optimal conjugation. Many common buffers routinely used in laboratories have an inhibitory effect on conjugation reactions, for example Tris buffers inhibit coupling to amines.

 

G-Biosciences has prepared six reaction specific buffers that provide the optimal conditions for protein labeling, modification, and cross reaction. The table below highlights the reaction each buffer is specific for:

 

Optimizer Buffer™	Reaction Type	Reactive Group
I	Amine & Photoreactive Reactions	NHS-ester & imidoester groups
II	Sulfhydryl Reactions	Iodoacetyl groups
III	Sulfhydryl Reactions	Maleimides & pyridyl sulfides
IV	Carboxyl Reactions	Carbodiimides
V	Carbohydrate Reactions	Hydrazide groups
VI	Amine Reactions	Glyoxal groups

 

These buffers contain optimized concentration of buffering agents, pH, and other cofactors for specific reactions. Simply exchange the buffer of your sample with a suitable Optimizer Buffer™ and you are ready for efficient reaction. Use of Tube-O-DIALYZER™ is recommended for buffer exchange and optimal reaction results.