Description |
period circadian clock 1(PER1) Homo sapiens This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene may increase the risk of getting certain cancers. Alternative splicing has been observed in this gene; however, these variants have not been fully described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014], |
Protein Function |
Additional isoforms seem to exist,function:Component of the circadian clock mechanism which is essential for generating circadian rhythms. Negative element in the circadian transcriptional loop. Influences clock function by interacting with other circadian regulatory proteins and transporting them to the nucleus. Negatively regulates CLOCK|NPAS2-BMAL1|BMAL2-induced transactivation.,induction:Serum-induced levels in fibroblasts show circadian oscillations. Maximum levels after 1 hour stimulation, minimum levels after 12 hours. Another peak is then observed after 20 hours. Protein levels show maximum levels at 6 hours, decrease to reach minimum levels at 20 hours, and increase again to reach a second peak after 26 hours. Levels then decrease slightly and then increase to maximum levels at 32 hours. Levels of phosphorylated form increase between 3 hours and 12 hours.,PTM:Phosphorylated on serine residues by CSNK1E. Also can be phosphorylated by the delta isoform. Phosphorylation by CSNK1 retains PER1 in the cytoplasm and leads to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Phosphorylated upon DNA damage, probably by ATM or ATR.,PTM:Ubiquitinated.,similarity:Contains 1 PAC (PAS-associated C-terminal) domain.,similarity:Contains 2 PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) domains.,subcellular location:Mainly nuclear. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is effected by interaction with other circadian core oscillator proteins and/or by phosphorylation. Retention of PER1 in the cytoplasm occurs through PER1-PER2 heterodimer formation or by interaction with CSNK1E and/or phosphorylation which appears to mask the PER1 nuclear localization signal. Also translocated to the nucleus by CRY1 or CRY2.,subunit:Component of the circadian core oscillator, which includes the CRY proteins, CLOCK or NPAS2, BMAL1 or BMAL2, CSNK1D and/or CSNK1E, TIMELESS, and the PER proteins. Interacts directly with TIMELESS, PER2, PER3 and, through a C-terminal domain, with CRY1 and CRY2. Interaction with CSNK1D or CSNK1E promotes nuclear location of PER proteins. Interacts with GPRASP1.,tissue specificity:Widely expressed. Found in heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary and small intestine. Highest level in skeletal muscle. Low level in kidney., |